V: Mental and behavioural disorders

F70-F79: Mental retardation

Mental retardation, also known as intellectual disability, refers to a group of conditions characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which includes social and practical skills. These conditions begin before the age of 18 and usually last throughout an individual's lifetime. Intellectual functioning refers to an individual’s ability to learn, reason, and problem solve. A person with intellectual disability may struggle with skills like learning the alphabet, understanding social rules, or handling money. These conditions can be caused by genetic disorders, complications during pregnancy, environmental factors, or brain injuries. The progression and severity of these conditions can vary widely, with some individuals being able to live independently while others require more significant support. The characteristics are not always obvious when a child is young but may become more apparent as the child ages and misses key cognitive and developmental milestones.