R40-R46: Symptoms and signs involving cognition, perception, emotional state and behaviour

R41: Other symptoms and signs involving cognitive functions and awareness

The group of conditions referred to as "Other symptoms and signs involving cognitive functions and awareness" encompasses various disorders that affect an individual's intellectual capabilities and conscious perception of their surroundings. These conditions typically involve a decline or noticeable changes in cognitive functions such as problem-solving skills, memory, language, and thought processes, and may also alter one's sense of awareness. The causes are diverse, ranging from neurological diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's, to head injuries, stroke, or chronic substance abuse. Symptoms often gradually develop and worsen over time. Affected individuals might show difficulties in remembering recent events, making decisions, understanding information, or recognizing familiar people and places. These conditions primarily affect the brain and nervous system, significantly impacting the patient's daily life and independence.