Q23: Congenital malformations of aortic and mitral valves

Congenital malformations of aortic and mitral valves are birth defects affecting the heart's aortic and mitral valves, which help control the flow of blood through the heart. These conditions arise during fetal development and are typically present at birth. The cause is often unknown but may be linked to genetic factors or maternal health issues during pregnancy such as certain infections or substances exposure. The magnitude and impact vary depending on the type and severity of the malformation, ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening conditions. Common symptoms may include tiredness, breathlessness, chest pain, irregular heart rhythms, and fainting. They affect the cardiovascular system and may impact the individual's quality of life and longevity due to potential complications such as heart failure or blood clot formation. These conditions typically require lifelong monitoring and can sometimes require surgical intervention to repair or replace the affected valves.