A30: Leprosy [Hansen disease]

Leprosy, often known as Hansen's disease, is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Being a group of conditions, the disease has different forms with varying symptoms. It usually impacts the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract, showing signs such as skin lesions, numbness, and muscle weakness. Transmission typically happens through continuous and close contact with nose and mouth droplets from someone with untreated leprosy. It has a slow development, and symptoms may not appear until five to 20 years after infection. The disease can progressively cause permanent damage to the skin, nerves, limbs, and eyes if not diagnosed and treated early. Aside from physical effects, leprosy can also lead to social stigma and mental distress. Despite its historical portrayal, modern medicine can effectively treat and manage leprosy to prevent disability.